Printing equipment is an important support for the development of the printing industry. In the 40 years since the reform and opening up, the printing industry has bid farewell to "lead and fire", has gone through "light and electricity", and has now entered the era of "number and network". At present, digital technology is becoming the basic technology of printing media. Printing equipment embodies the deep integration of information network technology, digital manufacturing technology and traditional machinery manufacturing technology, and has become a strategic emerging industry cultivated and developed by the country. The printing machinery industry plays an irreplaceable role in the construction of my country's socialist material civilization and spiritual civilization.
　　 One, 40 years of development history of printing machinery
　　 Developed countries in the printing field have completely eliminated typesetting in the 1970s and fully realized electronic phototypesetting. It was during this period that my country approved the establishment of the "Chinese Character Information Processing System Project", the "748" project. In my country's printing industry at that time, the main production links such as typesetting, offset printing and book binding were basically manual operations. Printing was dominated by lead printing, and the production efficiency was very low. Compared with the international advanced level, the printing technology is still very backward, the printing capacity is seriously insufficient, the contradiction between the publishing task and the printing capacity is very prominent, the printing cycle is long, and the publication of books is slow. In 1981, the national publishing task required printing of 25.5 million reams, while the capacity of the book printing plant was only 19.21 million reams, a difference of 6.29 million reams. The difference in typesetting ability is about one billion characters. An ordinary book usually takes about half a year from publishing to publication, seven or eight months for science and technology books, and one year for picture albums. There are only more than 50 manufacturing plants in the printing machinery industry, with more than 20,000 employees and an annual output of only more than 20,000 tons. Such a production capacity is far from meeting the needs of the development of the printing industry.
In 1982, under the leadership of the Central Propaganda Department and the National Economic Committee, in order to change the backwardness of printing technology in my country, a printing technology equipment was formed with Comrade Fan Muhan as the team leader and representatives from the Ministry of Culture, the Ministry of Machinery, the Ministry of Electronics and the Ministry of Light Industry. The coordination group formulated the "Sixth Five-Year" development plan for printing technology and equipment. The plan combines the historical process and status quo of the development of the printing industry in my country at that time, aims at the cutting-edge printing technology in the world, and makes a high degree of refinement and generalization of the direction of technological transformation, and formulates the "laser phototypesetting, electronic color separation, offset printing, and binding linkage". Sixteen-character technology development direction, and put forward 22 key development new products and 19 key technological transformation enterprises, 13 printing machinery imported manufacturing technology projects, 28 imported prototypes, and imported a batch of processing equipment and testing equipment. Learning and drawing lessons from the advanced technologies of various countries in the world and using their advanced technology and equipment have become an important measure of reform and opening up. By the end of 1984, printing machinery manufacturing enterprises had improved their production conditions through technological transformation. By 1985, the annual output of printing machinery reached more than 40,000 tons. The principle prototype of the Chinese character laser phototypesetting system developed by Wang Xuan in the "748" project also passed the ministerial appraisal in 1981. In the process of continuous experimental research, trial and improvement, through the joint efforts of Wang Xuan and various cooperating units of the system, at the end of 1987, the laser phototypesetting system of the Economic Daily passed the national acceptance, which means that my country's independent innovation of the Chinese character information processing laser phototypesetting system has begun to be promoted. application. On July 18, 1988, the Economic Daily cancelled the lead discharge workshop and got rid of all type and lead discharge operations. As a result, a large-scale technological transformation has been launched in the Chinese printing industry. In the early 1990s, the Chinese newspaper industry took the lead in getting rid of lead printing and realized offset printing. Subsequently, publishing, packaging, office, business and other fields have been comprehensively promoted and applied. By the end of the 20th century, the national printing industry had completed a historic transformation from lead type printing to phototypesetting offset printing. This magnificent historical process is hailed as the second technological revolution of Chinese printing after the invention of ancient Chinese engraving and movable type printing.
　　 The "Sixteen Characters" development policy has guided the national printing technology "Sixth Five-Year", "Seventh Five-Year" and "Eighth Five-Year" plans since 1983. For nearly 20 years, the state has invested billions of yuan to support the press and publishing, electronics, machinery, light industry, and chemical industries. More than 200 key enterprises and institutions have undergone technological transformation. Particular emphasis was given to the breakthrough of the core technology and equipment of Chinese character laser phototypesetting. All at once led to an overall improvement in the printing level. In 1986, "Beiren" successfully produced my country's first single-fed unit type four-color offset press through introduction, digestion and re-innovation. In 1988, my country's first single-fed unit type four-open series five-color offset press was produced, which ended the history of my country's multi-color offset presses relying entirely on imports and filled the gap in the production of high-end offset presses in my country. The "16-character" development policy has shown extremely strong guidance and practicality in advancing the second revolution of my country's printing technology.
　　 As developed countries in the world set off a new round of technological revolution marked by the wave of digitization. In the field of printing technology and equipment, the digitization process started with pre-press, and two major breakthroughs occurred: One is the color desktop system, which enables the pre-press color graphic information processing to realize the conversion from "analog" to "digital". The second is the computer plate making machine (CTP), which digitizes the whole process of prepress (computer to printing plate), and realizes the transformation from digital + analog to complete digitization and network transmission of graphic information. With the popularization of these two printing technologies and equipment, the development direction of "Sixteen Characters" has completed its mission at a certain historical stage. Therefore, at the "National Printing Special Project" demonstration meeting held in 1998, the "28 characters" of "pre-press digital network, multi-color and high-efficiency printing, post-press diversified automation, and high-quality serialization of equipment" was put forward. Printing technology development policy. This is another important policy put forward to guide my country's printing technology to accelerate the pace of modernization following the development direction of the "sixteen characters".
　　 The "Twenty-Eight Characters" policy has opened a new journey in the digital era of printing in our country—digital and intelligent printing equipment. The first is the transformation of printing methods from analog to digital, and its typical representative equipment is digital printers, including digital inkjet printers for spraying on various materials for other industrial purposes; the second is traditional printing technology and digital technology, information The technology is deeply integrated, and its representative equipment is highly digital and intelligent high-end traditional printing equipment, including combined printing equipment connected with digital printing machines.
Digital printing technology has appeared in the mid-1990s. Compared with traditional printing methods such as offset printing, gravure printing, embossing (flexo printing), and screen printing, digital printing technology has no real-time, variable data, personalization, and can realize pressing. Features such as printing are required. In the ultra-short version and personalized market segments, digital printing occupies a leading position.
　　 Computer-to-plate (CTP) technology has always been regarded as the vane of digitization before printing. From 1996 to 2003, my country's annual increase of CTP was about 9 units, mainly in the trial and introduction stage. Before 2007, my country's CTP equipment mainly relied on imports or foreign merchants to assemble products in China. With the accumulation of technology and the digestion and absorption of imported technology, a number of domestic CTP manufacturers have risen rapidly after 2008. Hangzhou Cray launched the thermal CTP quarto prototype in 2005, and officially launched the high-speed CTP with independent intellectual property rights in 2007. Accuracy, high speed, fully automatic thermal CTP equipment, UV-CTP equipment suitable for PS plate exposure, and ultra-large format UV-CTP using maglev linear scanning system were launched in 2009. Due to the significant reduction in the cost of using sheet materials, UV-CTP equipment quickly opened up the market in China.
In 2007, Peking University Founder launched the "key technology for high-end color printing control" for digital printing, and developed the first inkjet digital printing machine in 2008; Beiren Group, Shanghai Printing and Packaging Group, Liaoning Han's Guanhua and other offset printing press manufacturers After years of hard work and innovation, the offset printing press has realized the transition from low-end to mid-to-high-end, from monochrome to multi-color, and from low-speed to high-speed, and realizes printing digital control functions such as ink remote control and automatic registration. Unit type, stack type, and satellite type flexographic printing presses, plastic and paper roll gravure printing machines, screen printing machines, produced by enterprises represented by Shaanxi Beiren, Xi'an Huayang, Zhejiang Weigang, Zhejiang Jinbao, Label printing machines have all developed rapidly. Post-press binding has gone through a process from simple manual to stand-alone, and then to linkage, automation, digitization, intelligence, and greenization. Shenzhen Jingda successfully integrated the digital printing machine and the post-press binding equipment in the physical structure, coordinated work under the unified control of the central computer system, and became a pre-press, in-press and post-press in one, which can be printed and bound on demand. Digital book linkage production line. The unit-type all-waste removal die ironing machine developed by Tianjin Evergreen can complete the functions of hot stamping + die cutting + waste removal + finished product removal in one paper feed, and finally complete the digital process of collecting the finished paper into stacks. The "Twenty-Eight Characters" policy has played an important role in leading the "Eleventh Five-Year" and "Twelfth Five-Year" plans of the printing machinery industry, and has played an important role in the development of my country's printing industry. Up to now, my country’s printing equipment industry has made significant progress in key technologies, manufacturing capabilities have been greatly improved, quality levels have been continuously improved, brands have been continuously recognized by the domestic and international markets, and product supporting capabilities have been significantly enhanced. Basically, it can provide equipment and equipment around the entire industry chain. The supporting equipment has made an indelible contribution to the development of the printing industry and the establishment of a printing power.
In response to my country’s printing industry’s "13th Five-Year Plan" development trend and major technological needs and major strategic measures for a long time to come, we will implement Made in my country 2025 to promote the smooth transformation, development and upgrading of China’s printing industry. Under the leadership and support of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the State Administration of Press, Publication, Radio, Film and Television, and the China Machinery Industry Federation, the Equipment Industry Association officially launched the formulation of the "Road Map" in February 2014.
　　 The preparation of the "Road Map" is a systematic project for my country's printing industry to study the future development path of the printing industry from a strategic level and propose corresponding solutions and policy recommendations. The "Roadmap" starts from 6 sections of print media (books, newspapers), packaging and labeling, digital printing, printing manufacturing (printed electronics), printing equipment and equipment, and green printing. It is scientific, guiding, forward-looking, The principle of creativity is to analyze the technological development trends of different sectors in the next 8-10 years based on the technological path of each sector's development. The “Thirty-Five” policy of “diversification of printing methods, green production process, networking of technical support, intelligent equipment manufacturing, and specialization of service industry” was put forward. This is the development direction and “sixteen characters” following the After the twenty-eight-character policy, it is another strategic guide for the development of my country's printing industry.
　　 At present, our country is transforming from a big printing country to a printing power, and the development of the printing equipment manufacturing industry of national brands is the key to my country's transformation from big to strong. After 40 years of development, my country's printing machinery manufacturing industry has grown from small to large, from weak to strong, and is on the road to revitalization.
　　 Two, 40 years of development achievements
　　1. The scale of the printing machinery industry continues to expand and production capacity grows rapidly
　　 Since the reform and opening up, the scale of my country's printing machinery industry has continued to expand, and its production capacity has grown rapidly. The main business income of printing special equipment manufacturers above designated size has grown at a double-digit annual average rate, reaching 50 billion yuan in 2017. The total scale is ranked fourth in the world after Germany, Japan, and the United States.
The number of printing special equipment manufacturing enterprises in the country increased from more than 50 at the beginning of the reform to 138 above designated size in 2001 to 308 in 2015, a total increase of 123%; the number of industry employees increased from 38,500 in 2001 to 2015 50,600 people, an increase of 32%.
　　2. Realize the simultaneous improvement of production capacity and quality and efficiency
　　 While my country's printing machinery industry is growing rapidly and expanding in scale, the economic operation quality of the industry has been further improved, and the product level has basically realized the transformation from low-end to mid-to-high end. The role of scientific and technological progress is constantly being demonstrated. From 2001 to 2015, the annual average growth rate of the main business income of printing special equipment manufacturers above designated size was 17%, and the annual average growth rate corresponding to the total fixed assets of the entire industry was 9%. The average growth rate is 2%. It can be seen from the factor input-output ratio that the contribution rate of innovation and technological progress has continued to increase, which indicates that the development of my country's printing machinery has begun to shift from being driven by factors to innovation and technological progress.
　　 3. The rise of the private economy and the diversification of the capital structure
　　 With the continuous deepening of reforms and the establishment of a market economy system, the state encourages private capital to enter the printing machinery field. As a highly competitive industry closely linked to the market, private capital has grown rapidly. In 2015, private capital accounted for more than 90% of the printing machinery industry, and private enterprises have become the main force in the printing machinery industry. Some powerful private enterprises have gone public through restructuring and reorganization, and their capital structure has become diversified, transforming into a modern corporate governance structure.
　　 4. The rapid development of regional economy has prompted changes in the industrial layout, and the industrial chain system has gradually formed.
　　In the beginning, Beijing and Shanghai were the main printing machinery production bases. Beijing and Shanghai are the municipalities with the strongest comprehensive strength in my country, and they are also the regions with the strongest comprehensive strength in printing equipment. Shanghai is the cradle of modern printing equipment in my country, with a solid foundation and strength in the printing industry. Beijing is the cultural center of my country, where nearly two-fifths of the country's publishing organizations are gathered here, and the total number of books and newspapers each accounted for about 19%. The total number of journals accounted for 29%. A good market environment constitutes a geographical advantage. In addition, the scientific research and education and personnel training institutions of printing machinery are mainly concentrated in Beijing and Shanghai, and the advantages of geographical talents are very obvious. With the in-depth development of reforms and market changes, Beijing and Shanghai have gradually developed from offset press production bases into a series of products such as offset presses, digital presses, post-press equipment, and printing consumables. At the same time, various production bases of printing equipment and equipment have appeared in different regions of the country. After years of development, Shaanxi printing equipment enterprises have gradually formed a production base for gravure printing machines and flexographic printing, Tianjin has developed into a production base for die-cutting machines, and Zhejiang has formed label printing, screen printing, CTP computer direct plate making equipment, and various packaging post-printing equipment. Production clusters, Shenzhen has formed a post-printing production base for books and periodicals, some well-known domestic companies have emerged in the field of post-press packaging equipment manufacturing in some enterprises in Hebei and Jiangsu, and Shaanxi and Henan have respectively formed production bases for gravure printing plates and offset printing plates. These industrial clusters, driven by the reform and opening policy, and based on their own conditions and government policy guidance, have formed their own characteristics and advantages, enabling my country’s equipment and printing industry to start from pre-press, print-in, post-press, digital and packaging. In terms of process treatment, an industrial chain system with complete varieties and complete facilities has been formed, which has promoted the healthy development of my country's printing industry.